Genes List

Gene	Product and Function
Trait: 2,4-D herbicide tolerance
aad-1 Source: synthetic form of the aad-1 gene from Sphingobium herbicidovorans	Product: aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase 1 (AAD-1) protein Function: detoxifies 2,4-D herbicide by side-chain degradation and degrades the R-enantiomers of aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides
aad-12 Source: Delftia acidovorans	Product: aryloxyalkanoate di-oxygenase 12 (AAD-12) protein Function: catalyzes the side chain degradation of 2,4-D herbicide
cym Source: Bos taurus sp. bovine	Product: chymosin enzyme Function: codes for the chymosin enzyme, which possesses aspartic protease activity with the ability to coagulate milk
ft_t Source: Sphingobium herbicidovorans	Product: 2,4-D and FOPs dioxygenase protein (FT_T) Function: provides tolerance to 2,4-D and FOPs herbicides
Trait: Altered lignin production
ccomt (inverted repeat) Source: Medicago sativa (alfalfa)	Product: dsRNA that suppresses endogenous S-adenosyl-L-methionine: trans-caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCOMT gene) RNA transcript levels via the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway Function: reduces content of guaiacyl (G) lignin
EgCAld5H Source: Eucalyptus grandis	Product: CAld5H enzyme Function: regulates the syringyl monolignol pathway;
Trait: Anti-allergy
7crp Source: synthetic form of tolerogenic protein from Cryptomeria japonica	Product: modified cry j 1 and cry j 2 pollen antigens containing seven major human T cell epitopes Function: triggers mucosal immune tolerance to cedar pollen allergens
Trait: Antibiotic resistance
aad Source: Escherichia coli	Product: 3''(9)-O-aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase enzyme Function: allows selection for resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics such as spectinomycin and streptomycin
aph4 (hpt) Source: Escherichia coli	Product: hygromycin-B phosphotransferase (hph) enzyme Function: allows selection for resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin B
bla Source: Escherichia coli	Product: beta lactamase enzyme Function: detoxifies beta lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin
hph Source: Streptomyces sp.	Product: hygromycin phosphotransferase Function: allows selection for resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin B
nptII Source: Escherichia coli Tn5 transposon	Product: neomycin phosphotransferase II enzyme Function: allows transformed plants to metabolize neomycin and kanamycin antibiotics during selection
spc Source: Escherichia coli	Product: spectinomycin adenyl transferase enzyme (not expressed in plant tissues) Function: confers resistance to spectinomycin/streptomycin antibiotics, which permits prokaryotic selection
Trait: Coleopteran insect resistance
cry34Ab1 Source: Bacillus thuringiensis strain PS149B1	Product: Cry34Ab1 delta-endotoxin Function: confers resistance to coleopteran insects particularly corn rootworm by selectively damaging their midgut lining
cry35Ab1 Source: Bacillus thuringiensis strain PS149B1	Product: Cry35Ab1 delta-endotoxin Function: confers resistance to coleopteran insects particularly corn rootworm by selectively damaging their midgut lining
cry3A Source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis	Product: cry3A delta endotoxin Function: confers resistance to coleopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining
cry3Bb1 Source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kumamotoensis	Product: Cry3Bb1 delta endotoxin Function: confers resistance to coleopteran insects particularly corn rootworm by selectively damaging their midgut lining
dvsnf7 Source: Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)	Product: double-stranded RNA transcript containing a 240 bp fragment of the WCR Snf7 gene Function: RNAi interference resulting to down-regulation of the function of the targeted Snf7 gene leading to Western Corn Rootworm mortality.
ipd072Aa Source: Pseudomonas chlororaphis	Product: IPD072Aa protein Function: protection against certain coleopteran pests when expressed in genetically modified (GM) plants
ipd079Ea Source: Ophioglossum pendulum	Product: IPD079Ea protein Function: confers resistance to insect pest corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp.)
mcry3A Source: synthetic form of cry3A gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis	Product: modified Cry3A delta-endotoxin Function: confers resistance to coleopteran insects particularly corn rootworm pests by selectively damaging their midgut lining
Trait: Delayed fruit softening
pg (sense or antisense) Source: Lycopersicon esculentum	Product: no functional polygalacturonase enzyme is produced (transcription of the endogenous enzyme is suppressed by a gene silencing mechanism) Function: inhibits the production of polygalacturonase enzyme responsible for the breakdown of pectin molecules in the cell wall, and thus causes delayed softening of the fruit
Trait: Delayed ripening/senescence
acc Source: Ananas comosus	Product: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase Function: involved in catalyzing the penultimate step in ethylene biosynthesis
acc (truncated) Source: Lycopersicon esculentum	Product: modified transcript of 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase gene Function: suppresses the normal expression of the native ACC synthase gene, resulting in reduced ethylene production and delayed fruit ripening
acc (truncated) Source: Dianthus caryophyllus	Product: modified transcript of 1-amino-cyclopropane -1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase gene Function: causes reduced synthesis of endogenous ethylene through a gene silencing mechanism and thus delayed senescence and longer vase life
accd Source: Pseudomonas chlororaphis	Product: 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase enzyme Function: metabolizes the precursor of the fruit ripening hormone ethylene, resulting in delayed fruit ripening
anti-efe Source: Lycopersicon esculentum	Product: antisense RNA of 1-amino-cyclopropane -1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO) gene (no functional ACO enzyme is produced) Function: causes delayed ripening by suppressing the production of ethylene via silencing of the ACO gene that encodes an ethylene-forming enzyme
sam-k Source: Escherichia coli bacteriophage T3	Product: S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase enzyme Function: causes delayed ripening by reducing the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a substrate for ethylene production
Trait: Dicamba herbicide tolerance
dmo Source: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain DI-6	Product: dicamba mono-oxygenase enzyme Function: confers tolerance to the herbicide dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) by using dicamba as substrate in an enzymatic reaction
Trait: Drought stress tolerance
cspB Source: Bacillus subtilis	Product: cold shock protein B Function: maintains normal cellular functions under water stress conditions by preserving RNA stability and translation
EcBetA Source: Escherichia coli	Product: choline dehydrogenase Function: catalyzes the production of the osmoprotectant compound glycine betaine conferring tolerance to water stress
Hahb-4 Source: Helianthus annuus	Product: Isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the transcription factor Hahb-4 Function: the transcription factor Hahb-4 binds to a dehydration transcription regulating region of plant
RmBetA Source: Rhizobium meliloti	Product: choline dehydrogenase Function: catalyzes the production of the osmoprotectant compound glycine betaine conferring tolerance to water stress
Trait: Enhanced Photosynthesis/Yield
bbx32 Source: Arabidopsis thaliana	Product: protein that interacts with one or more endogenous transcription factors to regulate the plant’s day/night physiological processes Function: to modulate plant's diurnal biology and to enhance growth and reproductive development
zmm28 Source:	Product: transcription factor (ZMM28) Function: regulates the expression of genes associated with floral organ development
Trait: Enhanced Provitamin A Content
crt1 Source: Pantoea ananatis	Product: phytoene desaturase enzyme CRTI Function: catalyzes the conversion of 15-cis-phytoene to all-trans-lycopene
psy1 Source: Zea mays	Product: phytoene synthase ZmPSY1 Function: converts geranylgeranyl diphosphate into phytoene, and acts upstream of CRTI in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway
Trait: Fertility restoration
barstar Source: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens	Product: barnase ribonuclease inhibitor Function: restores fertility by repressing the inhibitory effect of barnase on tapetum cells of the anther
ms45 Source: Zea mays	Product: ms45 protein Function: restores fertility by restoring the development of the microspore cell wall that gives rise to pollen
Trait: Foliar Late Blight Resistance
Rpi-vnt1 Source: Solanum venturii	Product: late blight resistance protein Function: confers resistance to potato late blight
Trait: Glufosinate herbicide tolerance
bar Source: Streptomyces hygroscopicus	Product: phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase (PAT) enzyme Function: eliminates herbicidal activity of glufosinate (phosphinothricin) herbicides by acetylation
mo-pat Source: Streptomyces viridochromogenes	Product: phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) Function: tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate
pat Source: Streptomyces viridochromogenes	Product: phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase (PAT) enzyme Function: eliminates herbicidal activity of glufosinate (phosphinothricin) herbicides by acetylation
pat (syn) Source: synthetic form of pat gene derived from Streptomyces viridochromogenes strain Tu 494	Product: phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase (PAT) enzyme Function: eliminates herbicidal activity of glufosinate (phosphinothricin) herbicides by acetylation
Trait: Glyphosate herbicide tolerance
2mepsps Source: Zea mays	Product: 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase enzyme (double mutant version) Function: decreases binding affinity for glyphosate, thereby increasing tolerance to glyphosate herbicide
cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) Source: Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain CP4	Product: herbicide tolerant form of 5-enolpyruvulshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzyme Function: decreases binding affinity for glyphosate, thereby conferring increased tolerance to glyphosate herbicide
epsps (Ag) Source: Arthrobacter globiformis	Product: 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate-synthase enzyme Function: confers tolerance to glyphosate herbicides
epsps grg23ace5 Source: synthetic gene; similar to epsps grg23 gene from soil bacterium Arthrobacter globiformis	Product: modified 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) protein or EPSPS ACE5 protein Function: confers tolerance to glyphosate herbicides
gat4601 Source: Bacillus licheniformis	Product: glyphosate N-acetyltransferase enzyme Function: catalyzes the inactivation of glyphosate,conferring tolerance to glyphosate herbicides
gat4621 Source: Bacillus licheniformis	Product: glyphosate N-acetyltransferase enzyme Function: catalyzes the inactivation of glyphosate, conferring tolerance to glyphosate herbicides
goxv247 Source: Ochrobactrum anthropi strain LBAA	Product: glyphosate oxidase Function: confers tolerance to glyphosate herbicides by degrading glyphosate into aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and glyoxylate
mepsps Source: Zea mays	Product: modified 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzyme Function: confers tolerance to glyphosate herbicides
Trait: Hemipteran Insect Resistance
mCry51Aa2 Source: Bacillus thuringiensis	Product: modified Bt Cry51Aa2 protein Function: confers resistance to hemipteran insects Lygus hesperus and L. lineolaris by selectively damaging their midgut lining
Trait: Imazamox herbicide tolerance
AtAHAS Source: Arabidopsis thaliana	Product: acetohydroxy acid synthase large subunit Function: tolerance to the herbicide imazamox
Trait: Increased Ear Biomass
athb17 Source: Arabidopsis thaliana	Product: a protein of the class II family of the homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors Function: Modulates plant growth and development and regulates gene expression
Trait: Inhibited stem elongation (dwarfed)
OsGA2ox1 Source: rice (Oryza sativa L. cv Nipponbare)	Product: GA 2-oxidase Function: inhibits stem elongation and the development of reproductive organs; promotes early development of the inflorescence meristem
Trait: Isoxaflutole herbicide tolerance
hppdPF W336 Source: Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A32	Product: modified p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (hppd) enzyme Function: confers tolerance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides (such as isoxaflutole) by reducing the specificity for the herbicide's bioactive constituent
Trait: Late blight disease resistance
RB Source: Solanum bulbocastanum	Product: late blight resistance protein Function: broad spectrum resistance against Phytophthora infestans races
Trait: Lepidopteran insect resistance
cry1A Source: Bacillus thuringiensis	Product: delta-endotoxin of the Cry1A group Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining
cry1A.105 Source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kumamotoensis	Product: Cry1A.105 protein which comprises the Cry1Ab, Cry1F and Cry1Ac proteins Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining
cry1Ab Source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	Product: Cry1Ab delta-endotoxin Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining
cry1Ab (truncated) Source: synthetic form of Cry1Ab from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kumamotoensis	Product: Cry1Ab delta-endotoxin Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining
cry1Ab-Ac Source: synthetic fusion gene derived from Bacillus thuringiensis	Product: Cry1Ab-Ac delta endotoxin (fusion protein) Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining
cry1Ac Source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki strain HD73	Product: Cry1Ac delta-endotoxin Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining
cry1B.868 Source: Bacillus thuringiensis	Product: crystalline protein prototoxin Cry1B.868 Function: The cry1B.868 coding sequence is under control of a Zea mays ubiquitin promoter and an Oryza sativa lipid transfer-like protein terminator. The promoter contains the promoter, leader and intron sequences from the maize ubiquitin gene. High levels of transcription are expected in all tissues due to the constitutive nature of the promoter.
cry1C Source: synthetic gene derived from Bacillus thuringiensis	Product: Cry1C delta-endotoxin Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects, specifically Spodoptera
cry1Da_7 Source: Bacillus thuringiensis	Product: crystalline protein prototoxin Cry1Da_7 Function: The cry1Da_7 coding sequence is under control of a Setaria italica promoter and an O. sativa gos2 terminator. The first intron of the rice actin 15 gene was also included and likely improves expression of the gene.
cry1F Source: Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai	Product: Cry1F delta-endotoxin Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining
cry1Fa2 Source: synthetic form of cry1F gene derived from Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai	Product: modified Cry1F protein Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining
cry2Ab2 Source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kumamotoensis	Product: Cry2Ab delta-endotoxin Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining
cry2Ae Source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp Dakota	Product: Cry2Ae delta-endotoxin Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining
cry9C Source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tolworthi strain BTS02618A	Product: Cry9C delta endotoxin Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining
mocry1F Source: synthetic form of cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai	Product: modified Cry1F protein Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining
pinII Source: Solanum tuberosum	Product: protease inhibitor protein Function: enhances defense against insect predators by reducing the digestibility and nutritional quality of the leaves
vip3A(a) Source: Bacillus thuringiensis strain AB88	Product: VIP3A vegetative insecticidal protein Function: confers resistance to feeding damage caused by lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining
vip3Aa19 Source: Bacillus thuringiensis strain AB88	Product: vegetative insecticidal protein (vip3Aa variant) Function: confers resistance to feeding damage caused by lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining
vip3Aa20 Source: Bacillus thuringiensis strain AB88	Product: vegetative insecticidal protein (vip3Aa variant) Function: confers resistance to feeding damage caused by lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut
Trait: Low Gossypol
dCS Source: Gossypium hirsutum L.	Product: dsRNA that suppresses the expression of d-cadinene synthase gene that encode d-cadinene synthase, a key enzyme involved in gossypol biosynthesis, thru RNAi pathway Function: silence the endogenous dCS genes
Trait: Lowered Free Asparagine
asn1 Source: Solanum tuberosum	Product: double stranded RNA Function: Designed to generate dsRNA to down regulate Asn1 transcripts which lowers asparagine formation
Trait: Lowered Reducing Sugars
PhL Source: Solanum tuberosum	Product: double stranded RNA Function: Designed to generate dsRNA to down regulate PhL transcripts which lowers reducing sugars
R1 Source: Solanum tuberosum	Product: double stranded RNA Function: Designed to generate dsRNA to down regulate R1 transcripts which lowers reducing sugars
Vlnv Source: Solanum tuberosum	Product: double stranded RNA Function: downregulates VInv transcripts which lowers reducing sugars
Trait: Male sterility
barnase Source: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens	Product: barnase ribonuclease (RNAse) enzyme Function: causes male sterility by interfering with RNA production in the tapetum cells of the anther
dam Source: Escherichia coli	Product: DNA adenine methylase enzyme Function: confers male sterility by interfering with the production of functional anthers and pollen
zm-aa1 Source: Zea mays	Product: alpha amylase enzyme Function: hydrolyses starch and makes pollen sterile when expressed in immature pollen
Trait: Mannose metabolism
pmi Source: Escherichia coli	Product: Phosphomannose Isomerase (PMI) enzyme Function: metabolizes mannose and allows positive selection for recovery of transformed plants
Trait: Mesotrione Herbicide Tolerance
avhppd-03 Source: Oat (Avena sativa)	Product: p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase Function: Tolerance to Mesotrione herbicide
Trait: Modified alpha amylase
amy797E Source: synthetic gene derived from Thermococcales spp.	Product: thermostable alpha-amylase enzyme Function: enhances bioethanol production by increasing the thermostability of amylase used in degrading starch
Trait: Modified amino acid
cordapA Source: Corynebacterium glutamicum	Product: dihydrodipicolinate synthase enzyme Function: increases the production of amino acid lysine
Trait: Modified flower color
5AT Source: Torenia sp.	Product: anthocyanin 5-acyltransferase (5AT) enzyme Function: alters the production of a type of anthocyanin called delphinidin
bp40 (f3'5'h) Source: Viola wittrockiana	Product: Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) enzyme Function: catalyzes the production of the blue-coloured anthocyanin pigment delphinidin and its derivatives
cytb5 Source: Petunia (Petunia hybrida)	Product: Cytochrome b5 Function: Cyt b5 protein acts as an electron donor to the Cyt P450 enzyme and is required for full activity of the Cyt P450 enzyme Flavinoid 3' 5' hydroxylase in vivo and the generation of purple/ blue flower colours.
dfr Source: Petunia hybrida	Product: dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) hydroxylase enzyme Function: catalyzes the production of the blue-coloured anthocyanin pigment delphinidin and its derivatives
dfr-diaca Source: Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus)	Product: Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase enzyme Function: functions in the biosynthesis pathway of the pink/ red-coloured anthocyandin 3-O-(6-O-malylglucoside) pigment in carnations
hfl (f3'5'h) Source: Petunia hybrida	Product: Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) enzyme Function: catalyzes the production of the blue-coloured anthocyanin pigment delphinidin and its derivatives
sfl (f3'5'h) Source: Sage (Salvia splendens)	Product: Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase Function: involved in the biosynthesis of a group of blue coloured anthocyanins called delphinidins
Trait: Modified fruit color
b-Lyc Source: Ananas comosus	Product: gamma-carotene Function: increases lycopene accumulation using RNAi technology
e-Lyc Source: Ananas comosus	Product: delta-carotene Function: increases lycopene accumulation using RNAi technology
Psy Source: Tangerine (Citrus reticulata)	Product: phytoene Function: increases lycopene and/or beta-carotene levels
Trait: Modified oil/fatty acid
fad2-1A (sense and antisense) Source: Glycine max	Product: no functional enzyme is produced (production of delta-12 desaturase enzyme is suppressed by RNA interference) Function: reduces desaturation of 18:1 oleic acid to 18:2 linoleic acid; increases the levels of monounsaturated oleic acid and decreases the levels of saturated linoleic acid in the seed
fad2.2 Source: Carthamus tinctorius	Product: no functional enzyme is produced (production of delta-12 desaturase enzyme is suppressed by RNA interference) Function: downregulation of fad2.2 gene
fatB Source: Carthamus tinctorius	Product: no functional enzyme produced (production of FATB enzymes or acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases is suppressed by RNA interference) Function: downregulates fatB gene
fatb1-A (sense and antisense segments) Source: Glycine max	Product: no functional enzyme is produced (production of FATB enzymes or acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases is suppressed by RNA interference) Function: decreases the transport of saturated fatty acids out of the plastid, thereby increasing their availability to desaturation to 18:1 oleic acid; reduces the levels of saturated fatty acids and increases the levels of 18:1 oleic acid
gm-fad2-1 (partial sequence) Source: Glycine max	Product: no functional enzyme is produced (expression of the endogenous fad2-1 gene encoding omega-6 desaturase enzyme was suppressed by the partial gm-fad2-1 gene fragment) Function: blocks the formation of linoleic acid from oleic acid (by silencing the fad2-1 gene) and allows accumulation of oleic acid in the seed
gm-fad2-1 (silencing locus) Source: Glycine max	Product: no functional enzyme is produced (production of endogenous delta-12 desaturase enzyme was suppressed by an additional copy of the gm-fad2-1 gene via a gene silencing mechanism) Function: blocks the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid (by silencing the endogenous fad2-1 gene) and allows accumulation of monounsaturated oleic acid in the seed
Lackl-delta12D Source: Lachancea kluyveri	Product: delta-12-desaturase Function: converts oleic acid to linoleic acid
Micpu-delta-6D Source: Micromonas pusilla	Product: delta-6-desaturase Function: convert a-linolenic acid to stearidonic acid
Nc.Fad3 Source: Neurospora crassa	Product: delta 15 desaturase protein Function: desaturates certain endogenous fatty acids resulting in the production of stearidonic acid (SDA), an omega-3 fatty acid
OtD5E Source: Ostreococcus tauri	Product: delta-5 elongase Function: catalyzes the decarboxylation Claisen-like condensation of two carbons from malonyl-CoA to C20:5n-3-CoA generating C22:5n-3-ß-keto-C oA, which is then converted to C22:5n-3-CoA by endogenous enzymes
OtD6D Source: Ostreococcus tauri	Product: delta-6 desaturase Function: converts C18:2n-6 fatty acids into C18:3n-6 fatty acids
Pavsa-delta-4D Source: Pavlova salina	Product: delta-4-desaturase Function: converts docosapentaenoic acid to docosahexaenoic acid
Pavsa-delta-5D Source: Pavlova salina	Product: delta-5-desaturase Function: converts eicosatetraenoic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid
Picpa-omega-3D Source: Pichia pastoris	Product: delta-15-/omega-3-desaturase Function: converts linoleic acid to a-linolenic acid
PiO3D Source: Phytophthora infestans	Product: omega-3 desaturase Function: converts C20:4n-6 into C20:5n-3
PirO3D Source: Pythium irregulare	Product: two copies of the coding sequence for an omega-3 desaturase, cO3D(Pir)1 and cO3D(Pir)2 Function: converts C20:4n-6 into C20:5n-3
Pj.D6D Source: Primula juliae	Product: delta 6 desaturase protein Function: desaturates certain endogenous fatty acids resulting in the production of stearidonic acid (SDA), an omega-3 fatty acid
PlD4D Source: Pavlova lutheri	Product: delta-4 desaturase Function: convert C22:5n-3 into C22:6n-3
PpD6E Source: Physcomitrella patens	Product: delta-6 elongase Function: catalyzes the decarboxylation Claisen-like condensation of two carbons from malonyl-CoA to C18:3n-6-CoA generating C20:3n-6-ß-keto-CoA, which is then converted to C20:3n-6-CoA by endogenous enzymes
PsD12D Source: Phytophthora sojae	Product: delta-12 desaturase Function: convert C18:1n-9 into C18:2n-6
Pyrco-delta-5E Source: Pyramimonas cordata	Product: delta-5-elongase Function: converts eicosapentaenoic acid to docosapentaenoic acid
Pyrco-delta-6E Source: Pyramimonas cordata	Product: delta-6-elongase Function: convert stearidonic acid to eicosatetraenoic acid
TcD4D Source: Thraustochytrium sp.	Product: delta-4 desaturase Function: converts C22:5n-3 into C22:6n-3
TcD5D Source: Thraustochytrium sp.	Product: two copies of the coding sequence for a delta-5 desaturase, cD5D(Tc)1 and cD5D(Tc)2 Function:
te Source: Umbellularia californica (bay leaf)	Product: 12:0 ACP thioesterase enzyme Function: increases the level of triacylglycerides containing esterified lauric acid (12:0)
TpD6E Source: Thalassiosira pseudonana	Product: delta-6 elongase Function: catalyzes the decarboxylation Claisen-like condensation of two carbons from malonyl-CoA to C18:3n-6-CoA generating C20:3n-6-ß-keto-CoA, which is then converted to C20:3n-6-CoA by endogenous enzymes
Trait: Modified starch/carbohydrate
gbss (antisense fragment) Source: Solanum tuberosum	Product: no functional granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) enzyme is produced; production of GBSS enzyme is suppressed by a gene silencing mechanism Function: reduces the levels of amylose and increases the levels of amylopectin in starch granules
Trait: Multiple insect resistance
API Source: Sagittaria sagittifolia (arrowhead)	Product: arrowhead protease inhibitor protein A or B Function: confers resistance to a wide range of insect pests
CpTI Source: Vigna unguiculata	Product: trypsin inhibitor Function: confers resistance to a wide range of insect pests
ecry3.1Ab Source: synthetic form of Cry3A gene and Cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis	Product: chimeric (Cry3A-Cry1Ab) delta endotoxin protein Function: confers resistance to coleopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining
Trait: Nematode Resistance
cry14Ab-1.b Source: Bacillus thuringiensis	Product: Cry14Ab1 Function: Nematode Resistance
Trait: Nicotine reduction
NtQPT1 (antisense) Source: Nicotiana tabacum	Product: antisense RNA of quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (QPTase) gene; no functional QPTase enzyme is produced Function: suppresses the transcription of the QPTase gene, thereby reducing the production of nicotinic acid, a precursor for nicotine
Trait: Non-Browning
PGAS PPO suppression gene Source: Malus domestica	Product: double stranded RNA (dsRNA) Function: double stranded RNA (dsRNA)from the suppression transcript is processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that direct the cleavage of the target mRNA through sequence complementarity and suppresses PPO resulting in apples with a non-browning phenotype.
Trait: Nopaline synthesis
nos Source: Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain CP4	Product: nopaline synthase enzyme Function: catalyses the synthesis of nopaline, which permits the identification of transformed plant embryos
Trait: Oxynil herbicide tolerance
bxn Source: Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. Ozaenae	Product: nitrilase enzyme Function: eliminates herbicidal activity of oxynil herbicides (eg. bromoxynil)
Trait: Phytase production
phy02 Source: Escherichia coli	Product: phytase enzyme Function: optimized to increase the thermotolerance of the encoded PHY02 phytase and its susceptibility to digestion in the gastric environment of monogastric animals
phyA Source: Aspergillus niger var. van Tieghem	Product: 3-phytase enzyme Function: increases the breakdown of plant phytates which bind phosphorus and makes the latter available to monogastric animals
phyA2 Source: Aspergillus niger strain 963	Product: phytase enzyme Function: degrades phytate phosphorus in seeds into inorganic phosphate to be available to animals when used as feed
Trait: Reduced Black Spot
ppo5 Source: Solanum verrucosum	Product: double stranded RNA Function: Designed to generate dsRNA to down regulate Ppo5 transcripts which lowers black spot bruise development
Trait: Sulfonylurea herbicide tolerance
als Source: Arabidopsis thaliana	Product: herbicide tolerant enzyme acetolactate synthase (als) Function: allows the synthesis of essential amino acids in the presence of sulfonylurea herbicides
csr1-2 Source: Arabidopsis thaliana	Product: modified acetohydroxyacid synthase large subunit (AtAHASL) Function: confers tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides
gm-hra Source: Glycine max	Product: modified acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme Function: confers tolerance to applications of sulfonylurea – based herbicides
S4-HrA Source: Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi	Product: herbicide tolerant acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme Function: allows the plant to synthesize essential amino acids in the presence of sulfonylurea herbicides
surB Source: Nicotiana tabacum	Product: herbicide tolerant acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme Function: confers tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicides and other acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides
zm-hra Source: Zea mays	Product: herbicide tolerant acetolactase synthase (als) enzyme Function: confers tolerance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides such as sulfonylurea and imidazolinone
Trait: Tolerance to HPPD inhibiting herbicides
hppdPf4Pa Source: Pseudomonas fluorescens	Product: modified p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) enzyme Function: Tolerance to HPPD inhibiting herbicides
Trait: Viral disease resistance
ac1 (sense and antisense) Source: Bean Golden Mosaic Virus (BGMV)	Product: sense and antisense RNA of viral replication protein (Rep); no functional viral replication protein is produced Function: inhibits the synthesis of the viral replication protein of the Bean Golden Mosaic Virus (BGMV), thereby conferring resistance to the BGMV
cmv_cp Source: Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus (CMV)	Product: coat protein of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) Function: confers resistance to cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) through "pathogen-derived resistance" mechanism
plrv_orf1 Source: Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV)	Product: putative replicase domain of the potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) Function: confers resistance to potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) through gene silencing mechanism
plrv_orf2 Source: Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV)	Product: putative helicase domain of the potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) Function: confers resistance to potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) through gene silencing mechanism
ppv_cp Source: Plum pox virus (PPV)	Product: coat protein of plum pox virus (PPV) Function: confers resistance to plum pox virus (PPV) through "pathogen-derived resistance" mechanism
prsv_cp Source: Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV)	Product: coat protein (CP) of the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) Function: confers resistance to papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) through "pathogen-derived resistance" mechanism
prsv_rep Source: Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV)	Product: replicase domain of the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) Function: confers resistance to papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) through gene silencing mechanism
pvy_cp Source: Potato Virus Y (PVY)	Product: coat protein of the potato virus Y (PVY) Function: confers resistance to potato virus Y (PVY) through "pathogen-derived resistance" mechanism
wmv_cp Source: Watermelon Mosaic Potyvirus 2 (WMV2)	Product: coat protein of watermelon mosaic potyvirus 2 (WMV2) Function: confers resistance to watermelon mosaic potyvirus 2 (WMV2) through "pathogen-derived resistance" mechanism
zymv_cp Source: Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Potyvirus (ZYMV)	Product: coat protein of zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV) Function: confers resistance to zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV) through "pathogen-derived resistance" mechanism
Trait: Visual marker
dsRed2 Source: Discosoma sp.	Product: red fluorescent protein Function: produces red stain on transformed tissue, which allows visual selection
uidA Source: Escherichia coli	Product: beta-D-glucuronidase (GUS) enzyme Function: produces blue stain on treated transformed tissue, which allows visual selection
Trait: Volumetric Wood Increase
cel1 Source: Arabidopsis thaliana	Product: CEL1 recombinant protein Function: promotes a faster growth

The GM Approval Database, or GMAD, is one of ISAAA’s unique features that compiles all the available information about biotech/GM crops that have been approved for planting and importation for food and feed, and commercialization. ISAAA sources out the information from publicly available decision documents per country, Biosafety Clearing Houses and peer-reviewed scholarly articles to maintain the credibility of the database. Your contribution can help expand and maintain the GMAD and make useful information more available to researchers, students, and the general public. You can help by donating as little as $10.

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