Genes List
| Gene | Product and Function |
| Trait: 2,4-D herbicide tolerance | |
|
aad-1
Source: synthetic form of the aad-1 gene from Sphingobium herbicidovorans |
Product:
aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase 1 (AAD-1) protein
Function: detoxifies 2,4-D herbicide by side-chain degradation and degrades the R-enantiomers of aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides |
|
aad-12
Source: Delftia acidovorans |
Product:
aryloxyalkanoate di-oxygenase 12 (AAD-12) protein
Function: catalyzes the side chain degradation of 2,4-D herbicide |
|
cym
Source: Bos taurus sp. bovine |
Product:
chymosin enzyme
Function: codes for the chymosin enzyme, which possesses aspartic protease activity with the ability to coagulate milk |
|
ft_t
Source: Sphingobium herbicidovorans |
Product:
2,4-D and FOPs dioxygenase protein (FT_T)
Function: provides tolerance to 2,4-D and FOPs herbicides |
| Trait: Altered lignin production | |
|
ccomt (inverted repeat)
Source: Medicago sativa (alfalfa) |
Product:
dsRNA that suppresses endogenous S-adenosyl-L-methionine: trans-caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCOMT gene) RNA transcript levels via the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway
Function: reduces content of guaiacyl (G) lignin |
|
EgCAld5H
Source: Eucalyptus grandis |
Product:
CAld5H enzyme
Function: regulates the syringyl monolignol pathway; |
| Trait: Altered seed quality | |
|
brazzein
Source: Pentadiplandra brazzeana |
Product:
brazzein protein
Function: a soluble protein with a sweetness that is approximately 1500 times greater than sucrose |
| Trait: Anti-allergy | |
|
7crp
Source: synthetic form of tolerogenic protein from Cryptomeria japonica |
Product:
modified cry j 1 and cry j 2 pollen antigens containing seven major human T cell epitopes
Function: triggers mucosal immune tolerance to cedar pollen allergens |
| Trait: Antibiotic resistance | |
|
aad
Source: Escherichia coli |
Product:
3''(9)-O-aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase enzyme
Function: allows selection for resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics such as spectinomycin and streptomycin |
|
aph4 (hpt)
Source: Escherichia coli |
Product:
hygromycin-B phosphotransferase (hph) enzyme
Function: allows selection for resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin B |
|
bla
Source: Escherichia coli |
Product:
beta lactamase enzyme
Function: detoxifies beta lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin |
|
hph
Source: Streptomyces sp. |
Product:
hygromycin phosphotransferase
Function: allows selection for resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin B |
|
nptII
Source: Escherichia coli Tn5 transposon |
Product:
neomycin phosphotransferase II enzyme
Function: allows transformed plants to metabolize neomycin and kanamycin antibiotics during selection |
|
spc
Source: Escherichia coli |
Product:
spectinomycin adenyl transferase enzyme (not expressed in plant tissues)
Function: confers resistance to spectinomycin/streptomycin antibiotics, which permits prokaryotic selection |
| Trait: Coleopteran insect resistance | |
|
cry34Ab1
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis strain PS149B1 |
Product:
Cry34Ab1 delta-endotoxin
Function: confers resistance to coleopteran insects particularly corn rootworm by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
cry35Ab1
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis strain PS149B1 |
Product:
Cry35Ab1 delta-endotoxin
Function: confers resistance to coleopteran insects particularly corn rootworm by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
cry3A
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis |
Product:
cry3A delta endotoxin
Function: confers resistance to coleopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
cry3Bb1
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kumamotoensis |
Product:
Cry3Bb1 delta endotoxin
Function: confers resistance to coleopteran insects particularly corn rootworm by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
dvsnf7
Source: Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) |
Product:
double-stranded RNA transcript containing a 240 bp fragment of the WCR Snf7 gene
Function: RNAi interference resulting to down-regulation of the function of the targeted Snf7 gene leading to Western Corn Rootworm mortality. |
|
ipd072Aa
Source: Pseudomonas chlororaphis |
Product:
IPD072Aa protein
Function: protection against certain coleopteran pests when expressed in genetically modified (GM) plants |
|
ipd079Ea
Source: Ophioglossum pendulum |
Product:
IPD079Ea protein
Function: confers resistance to insect pest corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp.) |
|
mcry3A
Source: synthetic form of cry3A gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis |
Product:
modified Cry3A delta-endotoxin
Function: confers resistance to coleopteran insects particularly corn rootworm pests by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
mpp75Aa1.1
Source: Brevibacillus laterosporus |
Product:
Mpp75Aa1.1 protein
Function: a novel substance that causes midgut damage specifically in corn rootworm larvae. |
|
vpb4Da2
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis |
Product:
Vpb4Da2 protein
Function: a novel substance that causes midgut damage specifically in corn rootworm larvae |
| Trait: Delayed fruit softening | |
|
pg (sense or antisense)
Source: Lycopersicon esculentum |
Product:
no functional polygalacturonase enzyme is produced (transcription of the endogenous enzyme is suppressed by a gene silencing mechanism)
Function: inhibits the production of polygalacturonase enzyme responsible for the breakdown of pectin molecules in the cell wall, and thus causes delayed softening of the fruit |
| Trait: Delayed ripening/senescence | |
|
acc
Source: Ananas comosus |
Product:
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase
Function: involved in catalyzing the penultimate step in ethylene biosynthesis |
|
acc (truncated)
Source: Lycopersicon esculentum |
Product:
modified transcript of 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase gene
Function: suppresses the normal expression of the native ACC synthase gene, resulting in reduced ethylene production and delayed fruit ripening |
|
acc (truncated)
Source: Dianthus caryophyllus |
Product:
modified transcript of 1-amino-cyclopropane -1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase gene
Function: causes reduced synthesis of endogenous ethylene through a gene silencing mechanism and thus delayed senescence and longer vase life |
|
accd
Source: Pseudomonas chlororaphis |
Product:
1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase enzyme
Function: metabolizes the precursor of the fruit ripening hormone ethylene, resulting in delayed fruit ripening |
|
anti-efe
Source: Lycopersicon esculentum |
Product:
antisense RNA of 1-amino-cyclopropane -1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO) gene (no functional ACO enzyme is produced)
Function: causes delayed ripening by suppressing the production of ethylene via silencing of the ACO gene that encodes an ethylene-forming enzyme |
|
sam-k
Source: Escherichia coli bacteriophage T3 |
Product:
S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase enzyme
Function: causes delayed ripening by reducing the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a substrate for ethylene production |
| Trait: Dicamba herbicide tolerance | |
|
dmo
Source: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain DI-6 |
Product:
dicamba mono-oxygenase enzyme
Function: confers tolerance to the herbicide dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) by using dicamba as substrate in an enzymatic reaction |
| Trait: Drought stress tolerance | |
|
cspB
Source: Bacillus subtilis |
Product:
cold shock protein B
Function: maintains normal cellular functions under water stress conditions by preserving RNA stability and translation |
|
EcBetA
Source: Escherichia coli |
Product:
choline dehydrogenase
Function: catalyzes the production of the osmoprotectant compound glycine betaine conferring tolerance to water stress |
|
Hahb-4
Source: Helianthus annuus |
Product:
Isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the transcription factor Hahb-4
Function: the transcription factor Hahb-4 binds to a dehydration transcription regulating region of plant |
|
RmBetA
Source: Rhizobium meliloti |
Product:
choline dehydrogenase
Function: catalyzes the production of the osmoprotectant compound glycine betaine conferring tolerance to water stress |
| Trait: Enhanced Photosynthesis/Yield | |
|
bbx32
Source: Arabidopsis thaliana |
Product:
protein that interacts with one or more endogenous transcription factors to regulate the plant’s day/night physiological processes
Function: to modulate plant's diurnal biology and to enhance growth and reproductive development |
|
zmm28
Source: |
Product:
transcription factor (ZMM28)
Function: regulates the expression of genes associated with floral organ development |
| Trait: Enhanced Provitamin A Content | |
|
crt1
Source: Pantoea ananatis |
Product:
phytoene desaturase enzyme CRTI
Function: catalyzes the conversion of 15-cis-phytoene to all-trans-lycopene |
|
psy1
Source: Zea mays |
Product:
phytoene synthase ZmPSY1
Function: converts geranylgeranyl diphosphate into phytoene, and acts upstream of CRTI in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway |
| Trait: Fertility restoration | |
|
barstar
Source: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens |
Product:
barnase ribonuclease inhibitor
Function: restores fertility by repressing the inhibitory effect of barnase on tapetum cells of the anther |
|
ms45
Source: Zea mays |
Product:
ms45 protein
Function: restores fertility by restoring the development of the microspore cell wall that gives rise to pollen |
| Trait: Foliar Late Blight Resistance | |
|
R-genes
Source: Solanum venturii |
Product:
Rpi-vnt1, Rpi-amr1, and Rpi-amr
Function: Part of a plant defense mechanism called effector triggered immunity. These proteins recognize pathogen-secreted effector proteins and activate the plant hypersensitive response (HR). |
|
Rpi-vnt1
Source: Solanum venturii |
Product:
late blight resistance protein
Function: confers resistance to potato late blight |
| Trait: Fusarium resistance | |
|
MamRGA2
Source: Musa acuminata ssp malaccensis (wild banana) |
Product:
MamRGA2 protein
Function: allows the banana plant to detect the presence of the infecting fungus, and triggers the plant’s defense response preventing further infection by the fungus |
| Trait: Glufosinate herbicide tolerance | |
|
bar
Source: Streptomyces hygroscopicus |
Product:
phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase (PAT) enzyme
Function: eliminates herbicidal activity of glufosinate (phosphinothricin) herbicides by acetylation |
|
mo-pat
Source: Streptomyces viridochromogenes |
Product:
phosphinothricin acetyltransferase
(PAT)
Function: tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate |
|
pat
Source: Streptomyces viridochromogenes |
Product:
phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase (PAT) enzyme
Function: eliminates herbicidal activity of glufosinate (phosphinothricin) herbicides by acetylation |
|
pat (syn)
Source: synthetic form of pat gene derived from Streptomyces viridochromogenes strain Tu 494 |
Product:
phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase (PAT) enzyme
Function: eliminates herbicidal activity of glufosinate (phosphinothricin) herbicides by acetylation |
| Trait: Glyphosate herbicide tolerance | |
|
2mepsps
Source: Zea mays |
Product:
5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase enzyme (double mutant version)
Function: decreases binding affinity for glyphosate, thereby increasing tolerance to glyphosate herbicide |
|
cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4)
Source: Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain CP4 |
Product:
herbicide tolerant form of 5-enolpyruvulshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzyme
Function: decreases binding affinity for glyphosate, thereby conferring increased tolerance to glyphosate herbicide |
|
cp4 epsps L214p
Source: Agrobacterium strain CP4 |
Product:
5-Enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase
Function: confers tolerance to glyphosate-containing herbicides as it has lower affinity towards glyphosate than the plant endogenous enzyme |
|
dgt-28 epsps
Source: Streptomyces sviceus |
Product:
DGT-28 EPSPS protein
Function: targeted to the maize chloroplasts through the TraP8 peptide to provide tolerance to glyphosate herbicide |
|
epsps (Ag)
Source: Arthrobacter globiformis |
Product:
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate-synthase enzyme
Function: confers tolerance to glyphosate herbicides |
|
epsps grg23ace5
Source: synthetic gene; similar to epsps grg23 gene from soil bacterium Arthrobacter globiformis |
Product:
modified 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) protein or EPSPS ACE5 protein
Function: confers tolerance to glyphosate herbicides |
|
gat4601
Source: Bacillus licheniformis |
Product:
glyphosate N-acetyltransferase enzyme
Function: catalyzes the inactivation of glyphosate,conferring tolerance to glyphosate herbicides |
|
gat4621
Source: Bacillus licheniformis |
Product:
glyphosate N-acetyltransferase enzyme
Function: catalyzes the inactivation of glyphosate, conferring tolerance to glyphosate herbicides |
|
goxv247
Source: Ochrobactrum anthropi strain LBAA |
Product:
glyphosate oxidase
Function: confers tolerance to glyphosate herbicides by degrading glyphosate into aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and glyoxylate |
|
mam79epsps
Source: |
Product:
Function: |
|
mepsps
Source: Zea mays |
Product:
modified 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzyme
Function: confers tolerance to glyphosate herbicides |
| Trait: Hemipteran Insect Resistance | |
|
mCry51Aa2
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis |
Product:
modified Bt Cry51Aa2 protein
Function: confers resistance to hemipteran insects Lygus hesperus and L. lineolaris by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
| Trait: Imazamox herbicide tolerance | |
|
AtAHAS
Source: Arabidopsis thaliana |
Product:
acetohydroxy acid synthase large subunit
Function: tolerance to the herbicide imazamox |
| Trait: Increased Ear Biomass | |
|
athb17
Source: Arabidopsis thaliana |
Product:
a protein of the class II family of the homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors
Function: Modulates plant growth and development and regulates gene expression |
| Trait: Inhibited stem elongation (dwarfed) | |
|
OsGA2ox1
Source: rice (Oryza sativa L. cv Nipponbare) |
Product:
GA 2-oxidase
Function: inhibits stem elongation and the development of reproductive organs; promotes early development of the inflorescence meristem |
| Trait: Isoxaflutole herbicide tolerance | |
|
hppdPF W336
Source: Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A32 |
Product:
modified p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (hppd) enzyme
Function: confers tolerance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides (such as isoxaflutole) by reducing the specificity for the herbicide's bioactive constituent |
| Trait: Late blight disease resistance | |
|
RB
Source: Solanum bulbocastanum |
Product:
late blight resistance protein
Function: broad spectrum resistance against Phytophthora infestans races |
| Trait: Lepidopteran insect resistance | |
|
cry1A
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis |
Product:
delta-endotoxin of the Cry1A group
Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
cry1A.105
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kumamotoensis |
Product:
Cry1A.105 protein which comprises the Cry1Ab, Cry1F and Cry1Ac proteins
Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
cry1A.2
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) |
Product:
Cry1A.2 protein
Function: contains domain I of Cry1Ah, domain II of Cry1Ac, domain III of Cry1Ca and protoxin domain of Cry1Ac. Specific domain recombination can produce higher insecticidal activity against some key lepidopteran pests and reduce the probability of resistant insect populations. |
|
cry1Ab
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki |
Product:
Cry1Ab delta-endotoxin
Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
cry1Ab (truncated)
Source: synthetic form of Cry1Ab from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kumamotoensis |
Product:
Cry1Ab delta-endotoxin
Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
cry1Ab-Ac
Source: synthetic fusion gene derived from Bacillus thuringiensis |
Product:
Cry1Ab-Ac delta endotoxin (fusion protein)
Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
cry1Ac
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki strain HD73 |
Product:
Cry1Ac delta-endotoxin
Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
cry1B.2
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) |
Product:
Cry1B.2 protein
Function: contains domain I and domain II of Cry1Be2, domain III of Cry1Ka, and the protoxin domain of Cry1Ab3. Specific domain recombination can produce higher insecticidal activity against some key lepidopteran pests and reduce the probability of resistant insect populations. |
|
cry1B.34
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis |
Product:
Cry1B.34 protein
Function: causes damage to the midgut epithelium of certain lepidopteran insect larvae, resulting in insect death |
|
cry1B.868
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis |
Product:
crystalline protein prototoxin Cry1B.868
Function: The cry1B.868 coding sequence is under control of a Zea mays ubiquitin promoter and an Oryza sativa lipid transfer-like protein terminator. The promoter contains the promoter, leader and intron sequences from the maize ubiquitin gene. High levels of transcription are expected in all tissues due to the constitutive nature of the promoter. |
|
cry1Bb
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) |
Product:
Cry1Bb protein
Function: Promotes colloidosmotic lysis by binding to the midgut epithelial cells of many lepidopteran larvae. |
|
cry1C
Source: synthetic gene derived from Bacillus thuringiensis |
Product:
Cry1C delta-endotoxin
Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects, specifically Spodoptera |
|
cry1Da_7
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis |
Product:
crystalline protein prototoxin Cry1Da_7
Function: The cry1Da_7 coding sequence is under control of a Setaria italica promoter and an O. sativa gos2 terminator. The first intron of the rice actin 15 gene was also included and likely improves expression of the gene. |
|
cry1Da2
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis |
Product:
Cry1Da2 protein
Function: Binds to receptors in the brush border membrane of certain susceptible lepidopteran pests and causes cell death through the formation of non-specific, ion conducting pores in the apical membrane of the midgut epithelial cells. |
|
cry1F
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai |
Product:
Cry1F delta-endotoxin
Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
cry1Fa2
Source: synthetic form of cry1F gene derived from Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai |
Product:
modified Cry1F protein
Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
cry2Aa
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) |
Product:
Cry2Aa protein
Function: toxic to several of the main Lepidopteran pests such as yellow stem borer and striped stem borer |
|
cry2Ab2
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kumamotoensis |
Product:
Cry2Ab delta-endotoxin
Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
cry2Ae
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp Dakota |
Product:
Cry2Ae delta-endotoxin
Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
cry9C
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tolworthi strain BTS02618A |
Product:
Cry9C delta endotoxin
Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
eCry1Gb.1Ig
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) |
Product:
eCry1Gb.1Ig protein
Function: composed of two sequences from Bacillus thuringiensis: (1) the cry1Gb gene; and (2) the cry1Ig gene. |
|
mocry1F
Source: synthetic form of cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai |
Product:
modified Cry1F protein
Function: confers resistance to lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
pinII
Source: Solanum tuberosum |
Product:
protease inhibitor protein
Function: enhances defense against insect predators by reducing the digestibility and nutritional quality of the leaves |
|
vip3A(a)
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis strain AB88 |
Product:
VIP3A vegetative insecticidal protein
Function: confers resistance to feeding damage caused by lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
vip3Aa19
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis strain AB88 |
Product:
vegetative insecticidal protein (vip3Aa variant)
Function: confers resistance to feeding damage caused by lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
|
vip3Aa20
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis strain AB88 |
Product:
vegetative insecticidal protein (vip3Aa variant)
Function: confers resistance to feeding damage caused by lepidopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut |
| Trait: Low Gossypol | |
|
dCS
Source: Gossypium hirsutum L. |
Product:
dsRNA that suppresses the expression of d-cadinene synthase gene that encode d-cadinene synthase, a key enzyme involved in gossypol
biosynthesis, thru RNAi pathway
Function: silence the endogenous dCS genes |
| Trait: Lowered Free Asparagine | |
|
asn1
Source: Solanum tuberosum |
Product:
double stranded RNA
Function: Designed to generate dsRNA to down regulate Asn1 transcripts which lowers asparagine formation |
| Trait: Lowered Reducing Sugars | |
|
PhL
Source: Solanum tuberosum |
Product:
double stranded RNA
Function: Designed to generate dsRNA to down regulate PhL transcripts which lowers reducing sugars |
|
R1
Source: Solanum tuberosum |
Product:
double stranded RNA
Function: Designed to generate dsRNA to down regulate R1 transcripts which lowers reducing sugars |
|
Vlnv
Source: Solanum tuberosum |
Product:
double stranded RNA
Function: downregulates VInv transcripts which lowers reducing sugars |
| Trait: Male sterility | |
|
barnase
Source: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens |
Product:
barnase ribonuclease (RNAse) enzyme
Function: causes male sterility by interfering with RNA production in the tapetum cells of the anther |
|
dam
Source: Escherichia coli |
Product:
DNA adenine methylase enzyme
Function: confers male sterility by interfering with the production of functional anthers and pollen |
|
zm-aa1
Source: Zea mays |
Product:
alpha amylase enzyme
Function: hydrolyses starch and makes pollen sterile when expressed in immature pollen |
| Trait: Mannose metabolism | |
|
pmi
Source: Escherichia coli |
Product:
Phosphomannose Isomerase (PMI) enzyme
Function: metabolizes mannose and allows positive selection for recovery of transformed plants |
| Trait: Mesotrione Herbicide Tolerance | |
|
avhppd-03
Source: Oat (Avena sativa) |
Product:
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
Function: Tolerance to Mesotrione herbicide |
|
tdo
Source: Oryza sativa |
Product:
triketone dioxygenase (TDO) protein
Function: confers tolerance to mesotrione herbicides |
| Trait: Modified alpha amylase | |
|
amy797E
Source: synthetic gene derived from Thermococcales spp. |
Product:
thermostable alpha-amylase enzyme
Function: enhances bioethanol production by increasing the thermostability of amylase used in degrading starch |
| Trait: Modified amino acid | |
|
cordapA
Source: Corynebacterium glutamicum |
Product:
dihydrodipicolinate synthase enzyme
Function: increases the production of amino acid lysine |
| Trait: Modified flower color | |
|
5AT
Source: Torenia sp. |
Product:
anthocyanin 5-acyltransferase (5AT) enzyme
Function: alters the production of a type of anthocyanin called delphinidin |
|
bp40 (f3'5'h)
Source: Viola wittrockiana |
Product:
Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) enzyme
Function: catalyzes the production of the blue-coloured anthocyanin pigment delphinidin and its derivatives |
|
cytb5
Source: Petunia (Petunia hybrida) |
Product:
Cytochrome b5
Function: Cyt b5 protein acts as an electron donor to the Cyt P450 enzyme and is required for full activity of the Cyt P450 enzyme Flavinoid 3' 5' hydroxylase in vivo and the generation of purple/ blue flower colours. |
|
Del
Source: Antirrhinum majus |
Product:
DELILA protein
Function: a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that interacts with Rosea 1 and WDR1 proteins to regulate flower pigmentation. |
|
dfr
Source: Petunia hybrida |
Product:
dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) hydroxylase enzyme
Function: catalyzes the production of the blue-coloured anthocyanin pigment delphinidin and its derivatives |
|
dfr-diaca
Source: Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) |
Product:
Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase enzyme
Function: functions in the biosynthesis pathway of the pink/ red-coloured anthocyandin 3-O-(6-O-malylglucoside) pigment in carnations |
|
hfl (f3'5'h)
Source: Petunia hybrida |
Product:
Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) enzyme
Function: catalyzes the production of the blue-coloured anthocyanin pigment delphinidin and its derivatives |
|
Ros1
Source: Antirrhinum majus |
Product:
ROSEA1 protein
Function: a MYB transcription factor that control the pattern and intensity of coloration of snapdragon flowers. Together with other transcription factors, such as DELILA, ROSEA1 upregulates anthocyanin and antioxidant biosynthesis. |
|
sfl (f3'5'h)
Source: Sage (Salvia splendens) |
Product:
Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase
Function: involved in the biosynthesis of a group of blue coloured anthocyanins called delphinidins |
| Trait: Modified fruit color | |
|
b-Lyc
Source: Ananas comosus |
Product:
gamma-carotene
Function: increases lycopene accumulation using RNAi technology |
|
e-Lyc
Source: Ananas comosus |
Product:
delta-carotene
Function: increases lycopene accumulation using RNAi technology |
|
Psy
Source: Tangerine (Citrus reticulata) |
Product:
phytoene
Function: increases lycopene and/or beta-carotene levels |
| Trait: Modified oil/fatty acid | |
|
fad2-1A (sense and antisense)
Source: Glycine max |
Product:
no functional enzyme is produced (production of delta-12 desaturase enzyme is suppressed by RNA interference)
Function: reduces desaturation of 18:1 oleic acid to 18:2 linoleic acid; increases the levels of monounsaturated oleic acid and decreases the levels of saturated linoleic acid in the seed |
|
fad2.2
Source: Carthamus tinctorius |
Product:
no functional enzyme is produced (production of delta-12 desaturase enzyme is suppressed by RNA interference)
Function: downregulation of fad2.2 gene |
|
fatB
Source: Carthamus tinctorius |
Product:
no functional enzyme produced (production of FATB enzymes or acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases is suppressed by RNA interference)
Function: downregulates fatB gene |
|
fatb1-A (sense and antisense segments)
Source: Glycine max |
Product:
no functional enzyme is produced (production of FATB enzymes or acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases is suppressed by RNA interference)
Function: decreases the transport of saturated fatty acids out of the plastid, thereby increasing their availability to desaturation to 18:1 oleic acid; reduces the levels of saturated fatty acids and increases the levels of 18:1 oleic acid |
|
gm-fad2-1 (partial sequence)
Source: Glycine max |
Product:
no functional enzyme is produced (expression of the endogenous fad2-1 gene encoding omega-6 desaturase enzyme was suppressed by the partial gm-fad2-1 gene fragment)
Function: blocks the formation of linoleic acid from oleic acid (by silencing the fad2-1 gene) and allows accumulation of oleic acid in the seed |
|
gm-fad2-1 (silencing locus)
Source: Glycine max |
Product:
no functional enzyme is produced (production of endogenous delta-12 desaturase enzyme was suppressed by an additional copy of the gm-fad2-1 gene via a gene silencing mechanism)
Function: blocks the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid (by silencing the endogenous fad2-1 gene) and allows accumulation of monounsaturated oleic acid in the seed |
|
Lackl-delta12D
Source: Lachancea kluyveri |
Product:
delta-12-desaturase
Function: converts oleic acid to linoleic acid |
|
Micpu-delta-6D
Source: Micromonas pusilla |
Product:
delta-6-desaturase
Function: convert a-linolenic acid to stearidonic acid |
|
Nc.Fad3
Source: Neurospora crassa |
Product:
delta 15 desaturase protein
Function: desaturates certain endogenous fatty acids resulting in the production of stearidonic acid (SDA), an omega-3 fatty acid |
|
OtD5E
Source: Ostreococcus tauri |
Product:
delta-5 elongase
Function: catalyzes the decarboxylation Claisen-like condensation of two carbons from malonyl-CoA to C20:5n-3-CoA generating C22:5n-3-ß-keto-C oA, which is then converted to C22:5n-3-CoA by endogenous enzymes |
|
OtD6D
Source: Ostreococcus tauri |
Product:
delta-6 desaturase
Function: converts C18:2n-6 fatty acids into C18:3n-6 fatty acids |
|
Pavsa-delta-4D
Source: Pavlova salina |
Product:
delta-4-desaturase
Function: converts docosapentaenoic acid to docosahexaenoic acid |
|
Pavsa-delta-5D
Source: Pavlova salina |
Product:
delta-5-desaturase
Function: converts eicosatetraenoic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid |
|
Picpa-omega-3D
Source: Pichia pastoris |
Product:
delta-15-/omega-3-desaturase
Function: converts linoleic acid to a-linolenic acid |
|
PiO3D
Source: Phytophthora infestans |
Product:
omega-3 desaturase
Function: converts C20:4n-6 into C20:5n-3 |
|
PirO3D
Source: Pythium irregulare |
Product:
two copies of the coding sequence for an omega-3 desaturase, cO3D(Pir)1 and cO3D(Pir)2
Function: converts C20:4n-6 into C20:5n-3 |
|
Pj.D6D
Source: Primula juliae |
Product:
delta 6 desaturase protein
Function: desaturates certain endogenous fatty acids resulting in the production of stearidonic acid (SDA), an omega-3 fatty acid |
|
PlD4D
Source: Pavlova lutheri |
Product:
delta-4 desaturase
Function: convert C22:5n-3 into C22:6n-3 |
|
PpD6E
Source: Physcomitrella patens |
Product:
delta-6 elongase
Function: catalyzes the decarboxylation Claisen-like condensation of two carbons from malonyl-CoA to C18:3n-6-CoA generating C20:3n-6-ß-keto-CoA, which is then converted to C20:3n-6-CoA by endogenous enzymes |
|
PsD12D
Source: Phytophthora sojae |
Product:
delta-12 desaturase
Function: convert C18:1n-9 into C18:2n-6 |
|
Pyrco-delta-5E
Source: Pyramimonas cordata |
Product:
delta-5-elongase
Function: converts eicosapentaenoic acid to docosapentaenoic acid |
|
Pyrco-delta-6E
Source: Pyramimonas cordata |
Product:
delta-6-elongase
Function: convert stearidonic acid to eicosatetraenoic acid |
|
TcD4D
Source: Thraustochytrium sp. |
Product:
delta-4 desaturase
Function: converts C22:5n-3 into C22:6n-3 |
|
TcD5D
Source: Thraustochytrium sp. |
Product:
two copies of the coding sequence for a delta-5 desaturase, cD5D(Tc)1 and cD5D(Tc)2
Function: |
|
te
Source: Umbellularia californica (bay leaf) |
Product:
12:0 ACP thioesterase enzyme
Function: increases the level of triacylglycerides containing esterified lauric acid (12:0) |
|
TpD6E
Source: Thalassiosira pseudonana |
Product:
delta-6 elongase
Function: catalyzes the decarboxylation Claisen-like condensation of two carbons from malonyl-CoA to C18:3n-6-CoA generating C20:3n-6-ß-keto-CoA, which is then converted to C20:3n-6-CoA by endogenous enzymes |
| Trait: Modified starch/carbohydrate | |
|
gbss (antisense fragment)
Source: Solanum tuberosum |
Product:
no functional granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) enzyme is produced; production of GBSS enzyme is suppressed by a gene silencing mechanism
Function: reduces the levels of amylose and increases the levels of amylopectin in starch granules |
| Trait: Multiple insect resistance | |
|
API
Source: Sagittaria sagittifolia (arrowhead) |
Product:
arrowhead protease inhibitor protein A or B
Function: confers resistance to a wide range of insect pests |
|
CpTI
Source: Vigna unguiculata |
Product:
trypsin inhibitor
Function: confers resistance to a wide range of insect pests |
|
ecry3.1Ab
Source: synthetic form of Cry3A gene and Cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis |
Product:
chimeric (Cry3A-Cry1Ab) delta endotoxin protein
Function: confers resistance to coleopteran insects by selectively damaging their midgut lining |
| Trait: Nematode Resistance | |
|
cry14Ab-1.b
Source: Bacillus thuringiensis |
Product:
Cry14Ab1
Function: Nematode Resistance |
| Trait: Nicotine reduction | |
|
NtQPT1 (antisense)
Source: Nicotiana tabacum |
Product:
antisense RNA of quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (QPTase) gene; no functional QPTase enzyme is produced
Function: suppresses the transcription of the QPTase gene, thereby reducing the production of nicotinic acid, a precursor for nicotine |
| Trait: Non-Browning | |
|
PGAS PPO suppression gene
Source: Malus domestica |
Product:
double stranded RNA (dsRNA)
Function: double stranded RNA (dsRNA)from the suppression transcript is processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that direct the cleavage of the target mRNA through sequence complementarity and suppresses PPO resulting in apples with a non-browning phenotype. |
| Trait: Nopaline synthesis | |
|
nos
Source: Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain CP4 |
Product:
nopaline synthase enzyme
Function: catalyses the synthesis of nopaline, which permits the identification of transformed plant embryos |
| Trait: Oxynil herbicide tolerance | |
|
bxn
Source: Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. Ozaenae |
Product:
nitrilase enzyme
Function: eliminates herbicidal activity of oxynil herbicides (eg. bromoxynil) |
| Trait: Phytase production | |
|
phy02
Source: Escherichia coli |
Product:
phytase enzyme
Function: optimized to increase the thermotolerance of the encoded PHY02 phytase and its susceptibility to digestion in the gastric environment of monogastric animals |
|
phyA
Source: Aspergillus niger var. van Tieghem |
Product:
3-phytase enzyme
Function: increases the breakdown of plant phytates which bind phosphorus and makes the latter available to monogastric animals |
|
phyA2
Source: Aspergillus niger strain 963 |
Product:
phytase enzyme
Function: degrades phytate phosphorus in seeds into inorganic phosphate to be available to animals when used as feed |
| Trait: Reduced Black Spot | |
|
ppo5
Source: Solanum verrucosum |
Product:
double stranded RNA
Function: Designed to generate dsRNA to down regulate Ppo5 transcripts which lowers black spot bruise development |
| Trait: Short stature | |
|
GA20ox_SUP
Source: Zea mays (maize) |
Product:
gibberellic acid/gibbrellin 20 oxidase 3 and 5 proteins
Function: reduction of gibberellic acid/gibberellin (GA) levels predominantly in the stalk, leading to a reduction of internode length and consequently reduced overall plant height compared to conventional maize comparator |
| Trait: Sulfonylurea herbicide tolerance | |
|
als
Source: Arabidopsis thaliana |
Product:
herbicide tolerant enzyme acetolactate synthase (als)
Function: allows the synthesis of essential amino acids in the presence of sulfonylurea herbicides |
|
csr1-2
Source: Arabidopsis thaliana |
Product:
modified acetohydroxyacid synthase large subunit (AtAHASL)
Function: confers tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides |
|
gm-hra
Source: Glycine max |
Product:
modified acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme
Function: confers tolerance to applications of sulfonylurea – based herbicides |
|
S4-HrA
Source: Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi |
Product:
herbicide tolerant acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme
Function: allows the plant to synthesize essential amino acids in the presence of sulfonylurea herbicides |
|
surB
Source: Nicotiana tabacum |
Product:
herbicide tolerant acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme
Function: confers tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicides and other acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides |
|
zm-hra
Source: Zea mays |
Product:
herbicide tolerant acetolactase synthase (als) enzyme
Function: confers tolerance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides such as sulfonylurea and imidazolinone |
| Trait: Tolerance to HPPD inhibiting herbicides | |
|
hppdPf4Pa
Source: Pseudomonas fluorescens |
Product:
modified p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) enzyme
Function: Tolerance to HPPD inhibiting herbicides |
| Trait: Viral disease resistance | |
|
ac1 (sense and antisense)
Source: Bean Golden Mosaic Virus (BGMV) |
Product:
sense and antisense RNA of viral replication protein (Rep); no functional viral replication protein is produced
Function: inhibits the synthesis of the viral replication protein of the Bean Golden Mosaic Virus (BGMV), thereby conferring resistance to the BGMV |
|
cmv_cp
Source: Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus (CMV) |
Product:
coat protein of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV)
Function: confers resistance to cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) through "pathogen-derived resistance" mechanism |
|
plrv_orf1
Source: Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV) |
Product:
putative replicase domain of the potato leaf roll virus (PLRV)
Function: confers resistance to potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) through gene silencing mechanism |
|
plrv_orf2
Source: Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV) |
Product:
putative helicase domain of the potato leaf roll virus (PLRV)
Function: confers resistance to potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) through gene silencing mechanism |
|
ppv_cp
Source: Plum pox virus (PPV) |
Product:
coat protein of plum pox virus (PPV)
Function: confers resistance to plum pox virus (PPV) through "pathogen-derived resistance" mechanism |
|
prsv_cp
Source: Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) |
Product:
coat protein (CP) of the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV)
Function: confers resistance to papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) through "pathogen-derived resistance" mechanism |
|
prsv_rep
Source: Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) |
Product:
replicase domain of the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV)
Function: confers resistance to papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) through gene silencing mechanism |
|
pvy_cp
Source: Potato Virus Y (PVY) |
Product:
coat protein of the potato virus Y (PVY)
Function: confers resistance to potato virus Y (PVY) through "pathogen-derived resistance" mechanism |
|
Rladg
Source: |
Product:
Function: controls resistance to the infection and to PLRV accumulation |
|
Rysto
Source: Solanum stoloniferum |
Product:
Rysto immune receptor
Function: confers extreme resistance to PVY in potato preventing viral replication without triggering cell death |
|
wmv_cp
Source: Watermelon Mosaic Potyvirus 2 (WMV2) |
Product:
coat protein of watermelon mosaic potyvirus 2 (WMV2)
Function: confers resistance to watermelon mosaic potyvirus 2 (WMV2) through "pathogen-derived resistance" mechanism |
|
zymv_cp
Source: Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Potyvirus (ZYMV) |
Product:
coat protein of zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV)
Function: confers resistance to zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV) through "pathogen-derived resistance" mechanism |
| Trait: Visual marker | |
|
dsRed2
Source: Discosoma sp. |
Product:
red fluorescent protein
Function: produces red stain on transformed tissue, which allows visual selection |
|
uidA
Source: Escherichia coli |
Product:
beta-D-glucuronidase (GUS) enzyme
Function: produces blue stain on treated transformed tissue, which allows visual selection |
| Trait: Volumetric Wood Increase | |
|
cel1
Source: Arabidopsis thaliana |
Product:
CEL1 recombinant protein
Function: promotes a faster growth |
The GM Approval Database, or GMAD, is one of ISAAA’s unique features that compiles all the available information about biotech/GM crops that have been approved for planting and importation for food and feed, and commercialization. ISAAA sources out the information from publicly available decision documents per country, Biosafety Clearing Houses and peer-reviewed scholarly articles to maintain the credibility of the database. Your contribution can help expand and maintain the GMAD and make useful information more available to researchers, students, and the general public. You can help by donating as little as $10.