News and Trends

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/202na1.pdf
http://www.thebioenergysite.com/articles/697/what-influences-the-public-acceptance-of-biofuels
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235713%
232010%23999619992%231988727%23FLA%23&_cdi=5713&_
pubType=J&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10
&md5=4368325f6ef71f5d7c7e71df401dea67

(may require paid subscription for complete journal aceess)

A research team from the Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace (Greece) conducted a study on the public acceptance of biofuels in Greece. One of the aims of the study was to examine "the links between social acceptance of biofuels and socioeconomic variables" (such as age, education and income). The measure of acceptance in terms of willingness to pay was also explored. The study location was in Thrace (Northeastern Greece), an area which is reportedly suitable area for biofuel production. The topics covered in face-to-face interviews included climate change, energy dependency and biofuels. Results showed that over 90.7% of the respondents believed that climatic changes are related to the consumption of fossil fuels, but only half (49.9%) thought that biofuels can be an effective solution against climate change. A possible explanation of the results was that "those with low education are closer to the agricultural sector which stands to benefit from biofuels, but it could also reflect a lack of knowledge about the disadvantages of biofuels". Other highlights of the study are: (1) slightly more than half of the 80% of respondents who own cars were willing to use biofuels and pay 0.06 Euros more on top of the market price, (2) Those with higher education are more likely to pay the extra amount, (3) respondents did not appear willing to pay more if government or industry managed the introduction, (4) "only 23.8 per cent of participants knew the difference between bioethanol and biodiesel". Overall, the study showed that there is a "lack of information about biofuels within the public sphere", and that education campaigns for the introduction of biofuels in Greece "could highlight the positive impact of biofuels on the farming community and research organizations/universities". The study is published in the journal, Energy Policy (URL above).


http://biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2010/07/20/biodiesel-research-park-established-in-india/

As part of the government of India's initiative to reduce global warming, the Indian state of Karnataka, in Southern India established the first of four biodiesel parks. Located in the Karnataka State Women's University campus, the park will serve as a (1) biodiesel production research and information center, as well as (2) a farmer-incubation-center, which can assist farmers who wish to participate in biodiesel production activities. About 30 acres will be set aside for the planting of biodiesel-crop seedlings. The Karnataka State Biodiesel Task Force and Forest Department made the initiative for the establishment of the biodiesel parks.


http://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/research/2010/story-print-deploy-layout_1_6656_6656.html
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es100316z?prevSearch=fast-hydropyrolysis-
hydrodeoxygenation&searchHistoryKey
=
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-073009-100955

Chemical Engineering researchers from Purdue University (United States) are proposing the creation of mobile processing plants for biofuel production using a thermochemical process called, "fast-hydropyrolysis-hydrodeoxygenation". The "mobile" approach sidesteps a major economic hurdle in biofuels production from lignocellulosic biomass, which is the high transport cost of the solid biomass feedstock. The Purdue University news release describes the process as follows: "Biomass along with hydrogen will be fed into a high-pressure reactor and subjected to extremely fast heating, rising to as hot as 500 degrees Celsius, or more than 900 degrees Fahrenheit in less than a second. The hydrogen containing gas is to be produced by "reforming" natural gas, with the hot exhaust directly fed into the biomass reactor". At high temperature, the biomass breaks down into smaller molecules in the presence of hydrogen and suitable catalysts. The condensed reaction product can eventually be used as fuel. The proposed process reportedly produces twice as much biofuel as presently-used technologies, when hydrogen is derived from natural gas. A publication describing the process appears in the Environmental Science and Technology journal (URL above).

Energy Crops and Feedstocks for Biofuels Production

http://www.biodesign.asu.edu/news/benchtop-biofuels-fine-tuning-growth-conditions-helps-cyanobacteria-flourish

Scientists from the Arizona State University's Biodesign Institute (United States) are working at conditions that optimize the growth of a group of microorganisms called "cyanobacteria", which are a potential source of biofuels and biochemicals. Cyanobacteria can be considered as an attractive option as a biofuel source, for the following reasons: (1) they are photosynthetic, and are able to produce "roughly 100 times the amount of clean fuel per acre compared with other biofuel crops", (2) they only need sunlight, water, carbon dioixe and a few nutrients to grow, (3) they do not compete with land that are used for food production, and can be cultivated in compact photobioreactors. According to postdoctoral research associate, Dr. Hyun Woo Kim, "Photosynthetic cyanobacteria are able to produce roughly 100 times the amount of clean fuel per acre compared with other biofuel crops". The researchers focused on the cultivation of a cyanobacterial strain, Synechocystis PC6803, in a photobioreactor. They found that phosphorus supply is an important component in the organism's ability to "make efficient use of carbon dioxide in their growth cycle". Higher biomass productivity was observed when the growth medium (called, "BG-11" medium) is supplied with additional phosphorus. "Although phosphorus content had been studied in the past with respect to the problem of eutrophication in lakes and other inland waters, its significance for controlled growth of phototrophs like cyanobacteria within a PBR (photobioreactor) had not been examined in detail". The production scenario involves the use of carbon dioxide emitted by power plants, and nutrients from wastewater streams.

Biofuels Processing

http://www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com/content/3/1/16
http://www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com/content/pdf/1754-6834-3-16.pdf
(provisional pdf during time of access)

Researchers from the Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University (Sweden) and the Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (Hungary) report the production of biofuel ethanol using a mixture of First Generation (1G) and Second Generation (2G) feedstocks. The 2G feedstock (consisting of steam pretreated wheat straw, PSW) was mixed with a 1G feedstock (pre-saccharified wheat meal, PSM) and was subjected to a simultaneous saccharification-fermentation (SSF) process for ethanol production. Results showed that the ethanol yield was higher in the 2G-1G mixture, compared to those using the 2G feedstock (PSW) alone, or the 1G feedstock alone (PWM). The researchers concluded that "mixing wheat straw with wheat meal would be beneficial for both 1G and 2G ethanol production", but certain areas (such as more effective utilization of the xylose fraction) can be investigated for further improvement of the process. The complete results are published in the open-access journal, Biotechnology for Biofuels (URL above).


http://www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com/content/3/1/15
http://www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com/content/pdf/1754-6834-3-15.pdf

Scientists from the Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology (Austria) and the Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University (Sweden) report a comparative study of a single-step, "dual temperature profile", dilute acid hydrolysis (DAH) of spruce (a type of softwood) and the conventional two step process. The conventional two-step DAH method usually involves an acid hydrolysis step under conditions of low severity (to hydrolyze the hemicelluloses fraction), followed by one of "higher severity" (to degrade the cellulose). The main drawback of the two-step process is said to be the "energy-intensive" washing process that is done between the two steps. The researchers explored the use of a single step process, performing the DAH at two temperatures in a single reactor. This effectively would remove the "energy-intensive" washing step. Results showed that the highest measured glucose yield was obtained after "DAH cycles of 3 minutes at 209°C and 6 minutes at 211°C with 1% H2SO4. However, the dual-temperature DAH method "did not yield decisively better results than the single-temperature, one-step DAH". The full results are published in the open-access journal, Biotechnology for Biofuels (URL above).

Biofuels Policy and Economics

http://www.ta-swiss.ch/a/biot_fuel/TA-SWISS_Biotreibstoffe_Executive_Summary.pdf
http://www.vdf.ethz.ch/vdf.asp?showArtDetail=3334
http://www.ta-swiss.ch/a/biot_fuel/Kurzfassung_Biotreibstoffe_zweite_Generation_d_f_e.pdf
http://www.thebioenergysite.com/articles/694/putting-second-generation-biofuels-to-the-test

A study made for the Swiss Centre for Technology Assessment (TA-SWISS) looked into the sustainability potential of second generation biofuels and its future role in a Swiss energy scenario. Recent research on technologies for the production/use of second generation biofuels (i.e., biofuels from non-food-based feedstocks) seems to indicate positive impacts with respect to fossil-fuel energy independence and the reduction of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions. However, "impacts on biodiversity, global land and water use are widely unclear and their competitiveness with 1st generation biofuels and electric mobility is an open question". Among the highlights of the study are: (1) considering vehicle efficiency and electromobility factors, between 10 and 40 per cent of current fuel requirements could be sustainably supplied by second generation biofuels, (2) "most environmentally friendly biofuels are primarily those which are manufactured using waste products and left-over materials such as green waste, saw-mill waste and waste wood", (3) in order to realize the full potential of biofuels, it's use has to be coupled with a strong increase in car efficiency, while mobility in general should not be allowed to grow further. Further details of the study can be obtained from the TA-SWISS website (URL above).