Copyright © 2006 ISAAA.
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Control Agent |
Mode of Action |
Examples |
Control Agent |
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Bacteria |
Produce toxins that are detrimental to certain insect pests when ingested |
Bacillus thuringiensis |
Lepidopterans |
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Bacillus popilliae |
Japanese beetle | |
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Agrobacterium radiobacter |
Crown gall disease | |
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Viruses |
Kills insects when ingested. Insect's feeding behavior is disrupted thus it starves and dies. |
Baculoviruese: Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) |
Lepidopteran and Hymenopteran |
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Baculoviruses: Granulosis virus (GV) |
Lepidopteran | |
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Baculoviruese: Group C |
Arthropods | |
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Entomopox |
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Fungi |
Controls insects by growing on them secreting enzymes that weaken the insect's outer coat, and then getting inside the insect and continuing to grow, eventually killing the infected pest |
Entomophaga praxibulli |
Grasshoppers |
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Zoophthora radicans |
Aphids | |
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Neozygites floridana |
Cassava green mite | |
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Protozoa |
Kills insects when ingested. Insect's feeding behavior is disrupted thus it starves and dies. |
Nosema |
Grasshoppers |
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Vairimorpha |
Lepidoptera | |
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Malamoeba |
Locusts | |
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Nematode |
They kill their target organisms by entering natural body openings or by penetrating the insect cuticle directly. |
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora |
Black vine weevil, Japanese beetles |
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Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita |
Various slugs and snails |
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Steinernema carpocapsae |
Black vine weevil, strawberry root weevil, cranberry girdler |